While administrations and organizations are leaving behind their traditional economic and management models in favor of pseudo- variable and variable models of basic skills and their relationships, these variable models turn out to be highly significant. This development is being analyzed in this article, and the following questions will also be answered: what are the basic skills, and can the basic skills be taught? The article will conclude that educational centers such as schools universities and training centers can play crucial roles in the development of basic skills, though there are still ambiguities in the ways these skills could be verified and developed.

The effect of storage at 0 and 20° C for 30 days with and without a passive Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) and the effect of a freezing storage at-20,-40 and-80° C for 10 months followed by 1 week at 5° C on OVERALL QUALITY of Deglet Nour dates were studied. After the storage time, the physicochemical properties and sensory QUALITY, microbial development, and moth infestation (Ectomyelois ceratoniae) of dates were monitored. It was observed that the storage temperature greatly affected the OVERALL QUALITY of dates. The 0° C was recommended for a short-term storage of fresh dates of one month. The MAP technique (6 kPa O2+12 kPa CO2) showed a positive effect on keeping OVERALL QUALITY of dates at 20º C. However, for a long-term storage (10 months in frozen conditions plus 1 week at 5º C), all freezing temperatures assayed kept the OVERALL QUALITY of dates and no differences were observed among them. In order to minimize the global costs,-20° C was considered as the most adequate temperature for a long-term freezing storage period. In conclusion, these chilling and freezing techniques could be recommended for commercial use at industrial scale.

Objective: In order to find how rating the WHOQOL-BREF and DASS scales are combined to produce an OVERALL measure of QUALITY of life and satisfaction with health rating, a QOL-DASS model was designed; and the strength of this hypothesized model was examined using the structural equation modeling.Method: Participants included a sample of 103 voluntary males who were divided into two groups of unhealthy (N=55) and healthy (N=48). To assess satisfaction and negative emotions of depression, anxiety and stress among the participants, they were asked to fill out the WHOQOLBREF and The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-42).Results: Our findings on running the hypothesized model of QOL-DASS indicated that the proposed model of QOL-DASS fitted the data well for the both healthy and unhealthy groups.Conclusion: Our findings with CFA to evaluate the hypothesized model of QOL-DASS indicated that the different satisfaction domain ratings and the negative emotions of depression, anxiety and stress as the observed variables can represent the underlying constructs of general health and QUALITY of life on both healthy and unhealthy groups.

Appearance, taste, and bioactive compounds of `Lane Late´ orange fruits on three substandard or semi-dwarfing rootstocks [Forner-Alcaide no. 5, Forner-Alcaide no. 13 and Forner-Alcaide no. 41] were evaluated in Spain against three more traditional rootstocks [Carrizo citrange, Citrus macrophylla and `Cleopatra´ mandarin]. Different harvesting times were identified per rootstock. The most suitable harvesting time for `Lane Late´ orange fruits on `Cleopatra´ mandarin, Forner-Alcaide no. 13 or Forner-Alcaide no. 5 was March, between one and two months later than Citrus macrophylla, Carrizo citrange or Forner-Alcaide no. 41, more relevant date for this late-season navel orange. Despite harvesting `Lane Late´ orange fruits on the most suitable date for each rootstock, significant differences in OVERALL fruit QUALITY were observed among them. Thus, Citrus macrophylla induced the largest size but also the lowest organoleptic QUALITY, Carrizo citrange induced the lowest bioactive compounds content, while Forner-Alcaide no. 5, Forner-Alcaide no. 13 and `Cleopatra´ mandarin induced the highest internal QUALITY. Lane Late orange fruits on Forner-Alcaide no. 41 showed an intermediate behavior.